Innis

Turn group identity into the basis for claims on government resources and the arithmetic changes. Your group's gain is another group's loss. The diversity that made cooperation possible becomes the material for conflict because now you are not trading with each other, you are fighting over the same pool, and the pool does not grow when you fight over it. High-trust societies can sustain a great deal of liberty because informal norms maintain order and people extend each other the benefit of the doubt. When trust runs along group lines and stops there the formal enforcement must expand to fill the space the trust used to occupy.